Abstract:Biodetector has a high selectivity and sensitivity to smell. Although dogs have been widely used in various fields,they have limitations in special occasions. So the selection perspective of biodetector needs to be explored. In this paper,the research status of dogs and the other biodetectors was introduced,and from the perspective of squirrel's performance as a new type of biodetector,the squirrel's olfactive sensitivity, learning and cognitive ability( such as flexibility,persistence,short-term memory ability,etc.),morphology,living habits,sociability,trainability and other aspects were analyzed and evaluated. It is concluded that squirrels have obvious advantages in olfactive sensitivity,learning and cognitive ability,morphology,life habits,etc. In addition,squirrels have feasible research approaches in unknown fields such as sociability and trainability. Therefore,squirrels have the potential of biodetectors. It is urgent to carry out relevant studies to prove the potential of squirrels and make up for the limitations of existing biodetectors.
[1] FURTON K G,CARABALLO N I,CERRETA M M,et al.Advances in the use of odour as forensic evidence through optimizing and standardizing instruments and canines[J] .Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,2015370(1674):20140262.
[2] OESTERHELWEG L,KROBER S,ROTTMANN K,et al. Cadaver dogs- a study on detection of contaminated carpet squares[J].Forensic ScienceInternational,2008, 174(1):35-39.
[3] FURTON K G,MYERS L J.The scientific foundation and efficacy of the use of canines as chemical detectors for explosives[J]. Talanta,2001 ,54(3):487-500.
[4] SANKARAN S,KHOT L R,PANIGRAHI S. Biology and applic ations of olfactory sensing system:a review[J] Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical,2012,171/172:1-17.
[5] UDELL M A R,WYNNE C D L.A review of domestic dogs'(Canis familiaris)human-like behaviors:or why behavior analysts should stop worryingand love their dogs[J] Journal of the Experimental Analysis ofBehavior,2008,89(2):247-261.
[6] RAO A,BERNASCONI L,L AZZARONI M,et al. Differences in persistence between dogs and wolves in an unsolvable task in the absence of humans[J].PeerJ,2018,6:e5944.
[7] MOLLER C A,SCHMITT K, BARBER AL A,et al.Dogs can discriminate emotional expressions of human faces[J]. Current Biology,2015, 25(5):601-605.
[8] ELGIER A M,JAKOVCEVIC A,MUSTACA A E,et al. Pointing following in dogs:are simple or complex cognitive mechanisms involved?[J] Animal .Cognition,2012, 156)1111191
[9] SCHWAB C,HUBER L.Obey or not obey?Dogs(Canis familiaris)behave differently in response to attentional states of their owners[J] Journal of
Comparative Psychology,2006, 120(3):169-175.
[10] HORN L,RANGE F,HUBER L Dogs' attention towards humans depends on their relationship,not only on social familiarity[J] Animal Cognition,2
013,16(3):435-443.
[11] JAMIESONL T J,BAXTER G S,MURRAY P J.You are not my handlerl!lmpact of changing handlers on dogs' behaviours and detection performa
nce[J]. Animals ,2018 8(10):176.
[12] GAZIT I,TERKEL J.Explosives detection by sniffer dogs following strenuous physical activity[J] Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2003,81(2):
149-161.
[13] RAINS G C,UTLEY S L,LEWIS W J.Behavioral monitoring of trained insects for chemical detection[J] .Biotechnology Progress,2006,22(1):2-8.
[14] POLING A,WEETJENS B J,COX C,et al.Using giant African pouched rats(Cricetomys gambianus)to detect landmines[J] The Psychological Record, 2010,60(4):.715-728.
[15] CAN GUVEN S,LASKA M. Olfactory sensitivity and odor structure- activity relationships for aliphatic carboxylic acids in CD-1 mice[J].PLoS One,2012,7(3):e34301.
[16] OTTO J,BROWN M F,LONG W M.Training rats to search and alert on contraband odors[J]. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2002,77(3):.217-232.
[17] MAHONEY A,WEETJENS B J,COX C,et al.Pouched rats' detection of tuberculosis in human sputum.comparison to culturing and polymerase Chain reaction[J].Tuberculosis Research and Treatment,2012 ,2012:716989.
[18] MGODE G F,COX C L,MWIMANZI S,et al.Pediatric tuberculosis detection using trained African giant pouched rats[J].Pediatric Research,2018,84(1):99-103.
[19] YEE K K,CRAVEN B A,WYSOCKI C J,et al. Comparative morphology and histology of the nasal fossa in four mammals:gray squirrel,bobcat,coyote ,and white -tailed deer[J].The Anatomical Record,2016,299(7):840-852.
[21] CAMPI K L,KRUBITZER L .Comparative studies of diurnal and nocturnal rodents differences in lifestyle result in alterations in cortical field size and number[J]. The Journal of Comparative Neurology,2010,518(22):4491-4512.
[22] CHOWP K Y,LEAS E G,de IBARRA N H,et al.Inhibitory control and memory in the search process for a modified problem in grey squirrels,Sciurus carolinensis[J] Animal Cognition,2019,22(5):645-655.
[23] WALLIS L J,VIRANYI Z,MOLLER C A,et al.Aging effects on discrimination learning,logical reasoning and memory in pet dogs[J].Age,2016,38(1):6.
[24] HOPEWELL L J,LEAVER L A,LEAS E G,et al.Grey squrrels(Sciurus carolinensis)show a feature negative effect specific to social learning[J].Animal Cognition,2010,13(2)-:219-227.
[25] CHOW P K Y,LEAVER L A,WANG M,et al Serial reversal learning in gray squirrels.learning efficiency as a function of learmning and change of t
actics[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology :Animal L earning and Cognition,2015,41(4):343-353.
[26] CHOW P K Y,LEAVER L A,WANG M,et al. Touch screen assays of behavioural flexibility and error characteristics in Eastern grey squirrels(Sciurus carolinensis)[J] .Animal Cognition,2017,20(3):459-471.
[27] CHOW P K Y,LEAS E G,LEAVER L A.How practice makes perfect:the role of persistence flexibility and learning in problem-solving efficiency
[J].Animal Behaviour,2016, 112:273-283.
[28] JACOBS L F,LIMAN E R. Grey squirrels remember the locations of buried nuts[J] Animal Behaviour,1991 ,41(1):103-110.
[29] MACDONALD I M V.Field experiments on duration and precision of grey and red squirrel spatial memory[J]. Animal Behaviour, 1997 ,54(4):879-891.
[30] CHOW P K Y,LEAS E G,HEMPEL DE IBARRA N,et al.How to stay perfect:the role of memory and behavioural traits in an experienced problem and a similar problem[J] Animal Cognition,2017,20(5):941-952.
[31] THORINGTON R W,Jr,DARROW K,BETTS A D.Comparative myology of the forelimb of squirrels(Sciuridae)[J] Journal of Morphology, 1997,234(2):155-182.
[32] BERTRAND 0 C,AMADOR-MUGHAL F, SILCOX M T.Virtual endocast of the early Oligocene Cedromus wilsoni(Cedromurinae)and brain evolution in squirrels[J].Journal of Anatomy,2017,230(1):128-151.
[33] HABIB M K. Controlled biological and biomimetic systems for landmine detection[J] .Biosensors and Bioelectronics,2007,23(1):1-18.
[34] COOKE D F,PADBERG J,ZAHNER T,et al.The functional organization and cortical connections of motor cortex in squrrels[J] Cerebral Cortex,2012,22(9):1959-1978.
[35] van HOOSER S D,NELSON S B.The squirrel as a rodent model of the human visual system[J].Visual Neuroscience,2006,23(5):765-778.
[36] JACOBS G H,FENWICK J A,WILLIAMS G A.Cone-based vision of rats for ultraviolet and visible lights[J].The Journal of Experimental Biology,2001,204(14):2439-2446.
[37] KAAS J H,HALL W C,DIAMOND I T.Visual cortex of the grey squirrel(Sciurus carolinensis):architectonic subdivisions and connections from the visual thalamus[J].The Journal of Comparative Neurology,1972,145(3):273-305.
[38] HEIMEL J A,van HOOSER S D,NELSON S B.Laminar organization of response properties in primary visual cortex of the gray squirrel(Sciuruscarolinensis)[J] Journal of Neurophysiology,2005,94(5):3538-3554.
[39] KAAS J H,KRUBITZER L A,JOHANSON K L Cortical connections of areas 17(V- I )and 18(V I )of squirrels[J].The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 1989,281(3):426-446.
[40] CARVALHO L D S,COWING J A,WILKIE S E,et al.Shortwave visual sensitivity in tree and flying squirrels reflects changes in lifestyle[J] Current Biology,2006, 16(3):R81-R83.
[41] REFINETTI R,KENAGY G J. Diurnally active rodents for laboratory research[J].Laboratory Animals,2018,52(6):577-587.
[42] WASSMER T,REFINETT R. Daily activity and nest occupation patterns of fox squirrels(Sciurus nigerthroughout the year[J].PLoS One,2016,11(3):e0151249.
[43] BATT L,BATT M,BAGULEY J,et al.The effects of structured sessions for juvenile training and socialization on guide dog success and puppy-raiser participation[J] Journal of Veterinary Behavior,2008,3(5): 199-206.
[44] TAYLOR R W,BOON A K,DANTZER B,et al.Low heritabilities ,but genetic and maternal correlations between red squirrel behaviours[J]. Journalof Evolutionary Biology,2012,25(4):614-624.
[45]張佳呈。大鼠機器人轉向及探嗅行為控制與機制研究[D].杭州:浙江大學, 2018:77.
[46] LAHVIS G P,PANKSEPP J B,KENNEDY B C,et al.Social conditioned place preference in the captive ground squrrel(lctidomys tridecemlineatus):social reward as a natural phenotype[J]. Journal ofComparative Psychology,2015, 129(3):291-303.
[47] FAIRLESS A H,DOW H C,TOLEDO M M,et al.Low sociability is associated with reduced size of the corpus callosum in the BALB/cJ inbred mouse strain[J] .Brain Research,2008, 1230:211-217.
[48] HARE B BROWN M,WILLIAMSON C,et al. The domestication of social cognition in dogs[J]. Science,2002 ,298(5598): 1634-1636.
[49] FALLANI G,PREVIDE E P,VALSECCHI P.Do disrupted early attachments affect the relationship between guide dogs and blind owners?[J] Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2006, 100(3/4)。241-257.
[50] BEEBE S C,HOWELL T J,BENNETT P C.Using scent detection dogs in conservation settings:a review of scientific literature regarding their selection[J]. Frontiers in Veterinary Science,2016,3:96.
[51] LAZAROWSKI L,KRICHBAUM S,DEGREEFF L E,et al.Methodological considerations in canine olfactory detection research[J].Frontiers in Veterinary Science ,2020,7:408.
[52] FEUERBACHER E N,WYNNE C D L.Relative efficacy of human social interaction and food as reinforcers for domestic dogs and hand-rearedwolves[J] Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,2012,98(1):105-129.
[53] QUERVEL-CHAUMETTE M,MAINIX G,RANGE F,et al.Dogs do not show pro-social preferences towards humans[J]. Frontiers in Psychology,2016,7:1416.
[54] HAZEL S J,O'DWYER L,RYAN T."Chickens are a lot smarter than i originally thought":changes in student attitudes to chickens following a chicken training class[J] Animals ,2015,5(3):821-837.
[55] FERGUSON D L,ROSALES-RUIZ J.Loading the problem loader.the effects of target training and shaping on trailerloading behavior of horses[J].Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,2001,34(4):409-423.
[57] NAWROTH C,MARTIN Z M,McELLIGOTT A G. Goats follow human pointing gestures in an object choice task[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2020,11:915.
[58] MIKLOSI A,SOPRONI K A comparative analysis of animals' understanding of the human pointing gesture[J] Animal Cognition ,2006,9(2):81-93.
[59] SMET A F,BYRNE R W.African elephants can use human pointing cues to find hidden food[J].Current Biology,2013,23(20)-2033-2037.
[60] HARE B,PLYUSNINA I,IGNACIO N,et al. Social cognitive evolution in captive foxes is a correlated by-product of experimental domestication[J]. Current Biology,2005, 15(3):226 -230.
[61] HERNADI A,KIS A,TURCSAN B,et al.Man's underground best friend:domestic ferrets,unlike the wild forms. show evidence of dog-ike social-cognitive skills[J].PLoS One 2012,7(8):e43267.